axis reactivity in response to stress (Sinha, 2008). AUD individuals had lower activation in the ventromedial PFC in response to stress, and lower ventromedial PFC activity was predictive of greater days of alcohol use after relapse (D. Seo et al., 2013). Further, abstinent individuals with AUD had blunted amygdala functional connectivity in response to stress, suggesting disruptions in stress processing that may be related to chronic alcohol use (Wade et al., 2017). Thus, there is robust evidence for maladaptations in the functional response of cortico-limbic brain regions related to addiction and stress in men and women with AUD (Nikolova, Knodt, Radtke, & Hariri, 2016; Peters, Peper, Van Duijvenvoorde, Braams, & Crone, 2017; D. Seo et al., 2013; van Wingen, Mattern, Verkes, Buitelaar, & Fernández, 2010; Zakiniaeiz et al., 2017).
