From the perspective of the withdrawal/negative affect stage, in humans, two single-nucleotide poly morphisms in the CRF1 receptor gene (CRHR1) were associated with binge drinking in adolescents and excessive drinking in adults.163 Moreover, homozygosity at one of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1876831, C allele) was associated with heavy drinking in relation to stressful life events in adolescents.164
