2001), and a number of specific astrocytic modulators of synaptic plasticity have been identified, including the glypicans (Allen et al. 2012) and TNFα (Stellwagen and Malenka 2006), among others. Importantly, these ligands may be differentially expressed by human astroglia, potentially offering advantages to human astroglia in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, relative to infraprimate glia (Han et al. 2013; Oberheim et al. 2009).
