Psychiatric disorders were defined using the DSM-IV criteria (American Psychological Association, 2000), as assessed by the AUDADIS-IV (Grant et al., 2003), including alcohol dependence (AD), cannabis dependence (CD), nicotine dependence (ND), and antisocial personality disorders (ASPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as described elsewhere (Compton et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2005; Hasin et al., 2006). AUDADIS diagnoses have fair to excellent test–retest reliability (k = 0.42–0.84) in clinical and general population samples (Hasin et al., 2007, 2012), and good to excellent validity in US (Hasin et al., 1994, 1997b; Hasin and Paykin, 1999; Canino et al., 1999; Grant et al., 2003; Ruan et al., 2008) populations. We analyzed disorders with lifetime initial onset after 9/11.
