Overall, publication and other selective reporting biases are probably prevalent and influential in diverse cognitive sciences. Different approaches have been proposed to remedy these biases. Box 2 summarizes some outstanding questions in this process. As shown in Figure 2, there are multiple entry points for each of diverse ‘problems’ from designing to conducting studies, analyzing data and reporting results. ‘Solutions’ are existing, but uncommon, practices that should improve the fidelity of scientific inference in the cognitive sciences. We have limited evidence on effectiveness of these approaches. Moreover, improvements may require interventions at multiple levels. Such interventions should aim at improving the efficiency and reproducibility of science without stifling creativity and the drive for discovery.
