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Chunk #0 — 1. Introduction/Background

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Gene expression changes in serotonin, GABA-A receptors, neuropeptides and ion channels in the dorsal raphe nucleus of adolescent alcohol-preferring (P) rats following binge-like alcohol drinking.
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A multi-national review of studies of adolescent drinking indicates that about ¾ of adolescents have consumed alcohol by late adolescence, and 20–40% had engaged in binge drinking, the consumption of 5 or more drinks on one occasion (Marshall, 2014). In the US, adolescents (ages 12–20) drink 11 percent of all alcohol consumed, 90% of which is consumed during binge drinking (NIAAA, 2013).