This review has addressed gender differences in biological and psychosocial risk factors for emerging alcohol problems through the course of adolescence. While adult reviews draw clear conclusions regarding a gender imbalance in AUD risk (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema & Hilt, 2006), we assert that the constellation of risk and protection is not set from childhood but rather shifts with age. It appears that the potency and quantity of biological vulnerabilities and socially reinforced maladaptive beliefs about drinking are interacting to explain this process. While the initiation of alcohol use may be strongly influenced by genetics and modeling within the family environment, increased or problematic use is marked by social, affective, and biological factors that operate differently for males and females.
