Studies of GxE relationships face a number of limitations to which the identified studies are vulnerable. These include challenges with small sample sizes, related concerns about false positive findings and the replicability of results, statistical and conceptual issues about the nature of the interaction, and publishing biases5,6,50,51. Therefore, excluding several large studies that used combined samples of more than one population, study sample sizes for racial/ethnic minority groups were as small as 34 and 97 subjects and otherwise ranged from 108 to 703, with two larger samples including 963 and 2,617 subjects. Ideally, sample sizes greater than 1,000 participants are recommended to help protect against potentially spurious GxE effects5, although the realities of limited resources and restricted access to some population groups can provide a challenge to robust sample sizes. To address this concern, Argawal et al.52 promote greater consistency in the phenotypic measures utilized across studies, which would allow for the harmonization of results and meta-analysis across studies to provide more confidence in the findings drawn. However, even in the small number of studies reviewed here, one can note
