Similarly, preclinical studies in rats show that this greater delay discounting can predict greater alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine self-administration rates, escalation of cocaine intake, increased nicotine-seeking during abstinence and greater vulnerability to cue-induced nicotine reinstatement.84, 186–190 A propensity for steep delay discounting may also be a consequence of drug use, with exposure to stimulant drugs increases delay discounting in rodents,191, 192 and drug-paired contextual stimuli can also elicit a state of impulsive decision-making behavior, as rats exhibit an increase in delay discounting in a cocaine-paired context.193 In this sense, delay-related decision-making phenotypes relate to drug-taking behaviors in humans and animals in a manner not unlike the tests of impulsive action inhibition.
