Using available longitudinal data from the DNS (n = 674), lower GMV of the right frontal gyri, but not insula, predicted increased future alcohol consumption, over and above baseline consumption, but only in individuals who are under the legal age of drinking (i.e., younger than 21 years of age) in the United States (Figure 3A, Table S3 in Supplement 1). Similarly, in the TAOS longitudinal sample of children and adolescents, lower right middle and superior frontal gyri GMV predicted the initiation of alcohol use at an earlier age in those who were nondrinkers at baseline (Figure 3B, C; Table S4 in Supplement 1).
