environmental variance that are transmitted, are not equal to each other. For different phenotypes genetic innovation has been detected, for instance for fears and phobias (Kendler et al. 2008a), anxiety and depression (Kendler et al. 2008b) and externalizing behaviors (Wichers et al. 2011). Our analyses showed that a model without genetic innovation fitted the data as well as a model with genetic innovation. This does not mean that genetic innovation is entirely absent. If we test all genetic innovation parameters separately, parameters at age 21–23 and 24–26 are significant (p = 0.038 and p = 0.009 respectively). Still, our results indicate that the majority of genetic influences are stable over time, and genetic innovation effects are small.
