certainly be effective (e.g. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014), it may be less tractable for disorders like AUDs that have stronger environmental and gene-environment interaction effects. Smaller studies can take complementary approaches to increase power by conducting more in-depth phenotypic assessments and identifying homogeneous subgroups or homogenous etiological pathways and thereby advance the understanding of complex disorders like AUDs. The examination of intermediate traits (endophenotypes) that link the biology to the disorder, such as alcohol metabolism, is an additional complementary tactic to improve gene identification success.
