that childhood problem behavior in males was the second best predictor of both delinquency and recidivism. Additionally, some landmark studies not included in these reviews found similar results. For example, Ensminger et al. [1983] found that among first-grade children growing up in a poor, Black, Chicago community, teacher-rated aggressiveness in the first grade significantly predicted delinquency 10 years later for males but not for females. McCord [1983], in her 40+-year study of 227 males in Cambridge, MA, found that childhood aggressiveness was a precursor of adult antisocial and criminal behavior for males.
