Substance use disorders (SUDs) are pervasive in the general population and result in critical threats to health and well-being, substantial family distress, and a massive societal economic burden (Blanco et al., 2013c; Compton et al., 2007; Hasin et al., 2007; Mokdad et al., 2004; Rubio et al., 2014, 2013). Alcohol consumption ranks third among preventable causes of death (Mokdad et al., 2004) and drug offenses are the leading cause of incarceration with half of federal inmates reporting illegal drug use in the month before their offense (Mumola and Karberg, 2004). Illicit drug use accounts for nearly two hundred billion dollars each year in healthcare, lost productivity, incarceration, and drug enforcement costs (NDIC, 2014).
