In keeping with restoration of normal feeding and EE, nicotine withdrawal also elevated the decreased hypothalamic protein levels of the AMPK pathway (Fig. 5A) and reversed the elevated mRNA expression of BAT thermogenic markers (Fig. 5B). Overall, these data suggest that nicotine withdrawal restored energy balance by normalizing feeding, EE/thermogenesis, and lipid mobilization, potentially via normalization of AMPK activity.
