Both major depression and bipolar disorder are associated with multiple other disorders including attentiondcficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),48,50-52 anxiety disorders and/or oppositional defiant, disorder (ODD),52 and conduct, disorder.48 Results of prospective studies of youth suggest that anxiety disorders may be an early manifestation of bipolar disorder. An 8-ycar follow-up study of a population sample of youth from New York state revealed that childhood anxiety disorders and depression, and to a lesser extent disruptive behavior disorders, were significantly associated with bipolar disorder in early adulthood.53,54 Future studies should attempt to distinguish whether anxiety disorders represent manifestations of the same etiologic factors or independently elevate the risk for development, of mood disorders.
