Consistent with prior studies in other cohorts, we found that the prevalence of depressive symptoms and disorders increased during adolescence,3 particularly in girls.27,28 Closer inspection revealed that this increase was related to a rise in depressed mood rather than anhedonia.29 The assumed stress-related nature of depression was supported by prospective associations between stressful life events and depressive symptoms,30,31 but appeared to be complex. Among other things, the stress-depression relation was modified by gender,30,32 temperament,33 exposure to childhood adversities,34 attentional style35 and emotion recognition skills.36 How depression related to physiological stress-reactivity depended on the nature37 and duration38 of the symptoms.
