prediction error, indicating that an event is more rewarding than expected. Conversely, failure to receive an expected reward elicits a response known as a negative prediction error, indicating that an event is less rewarding than expected. In such research, youth with conduct problems show deficits in negative-prediction-error signaling, manifested by deficient recruitment of the striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.44–46 Thus, deficient brain functioning may be associated with deficient decision making.
