There have been two GWAS of conduct disorder that have identified suggestive association signals. In an early example of this, a family-based association test of clinical and subclinical conduct problems in 958 ADHD affected proband-parent trios found evidence for association meeting a suggestive significance level of P <= 1 × 10–5 in nine genes, including A2BP1, c12orf28, FLJ39061, KIRREL3, LOC729257, PAWR, PKD1L2, PKD1L3, and RGL1 (Anney et al., 2008). In the Study of Addiction: Genes and Environment (SAGE) sample, a GWAS study of retrospectively reported DSM-IV conduct disorder criterion counts in 3963 individuals identified four SNPs (on chromosomes 4, 11, and 13) that met a genome-wide significance level of P < 5 × 10–8 (Dick et al., 2011). A subsequent attempt to replicate these four SNPs with a non-diagnostic antisocial behavior phenotype in a community sample of 4816 individuals did not reach nominal significance (P < 0.05) (Tielbeek et al., 2012). In a related analysis, the Early Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortium conducted a GWAS meta-analysis of aggressive behavior in 18,988 children and adolescents and found suggestive evidence (P = 5.30 × 10–8) for SNP rs11126630, located on chromosome 2 between genes LRRTM4 and SNAR-H (Pappa et al., 2015).
