[1]yj=μ+xijai+ej where yj is the phenotypic value of the j-th individual; μ is the mean term; ai is the allele substitution effect of SNP i; xij is an indicator variable that takes value of 0, 1 or 2 if the genotype of the j-th individual at SNP i is bb, Bb or BB (alleles are arbitrarily called B or b), respectively; and ej is the residual effect, ej∼N(0,σe2)., with σe2 being the residual variance.
