appetitive or approach motivational processes (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1992). The neural circuitry underlying the startle response may involve several structures also associated with nicotine administration and withdrawal, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and the nucleus accumbens (Swerdlow & Geyer, 1999; Hare, Tottenham, Davidson, Glover, & Casey, 2005; Phan et al., 2005; Stein et al., 1998).
