At the outset of COGA, DNA was extracted from whole blood collected from 24 to 48 h earlier and Epstein–Barr virus transformed B lymphocytic cell lines (LCL) were established from each subject. The former was stored at −80°C and the latter sealed in glass ampules submerged in liquid nitrogen. As proved to be the case, LCLs could be regrown in the future and additional DNA or RNA, or protein extracted from these live cells. Since 2009, cryopreserved (live) lymphocytes (CPL) from COGA subjects were also banked. The production of LCL and, perhaps even more importantly, CPL proved both prescient and fortuitous as these live cells have been used to produce induced pluripotent cell lines (iPSC) to study neurons derived from individual COGA participants, providing an opportunity to study the functional effects of genetic differences, and in the future, develop personalized medicine (see, 5. Functional Genomics). The broad scope of COGA sample ascertainment, banking and analyses coupled with routinely updated phenotypic and genomic data now permit genetic, neurodevelopmental, and neurophysiological analyses of highly selected groups of COGA samples either as DNA,
