nurturing (Caspi et al, 2004; Kim-Cohen et al, 2005; McLearn et al, 2006). Moreover our study showed that social deprivation had the strongest impact in both sexes when experienced from pre-birth to age one. Nevertheless, another ALSPAC study suggests that the influence of family adversity at least on conduct disturbances may be relatively modest: family adversity in the first two years of life contributes 7.5% of the variance in persistent conduct disturbances between 4 and 11 years (CDS, personal communication).
