Arguably the best example of this approach in the current literature involves what has been called a cost-discounting paradigm with three studies available beginning to test its psychometric properties in relation to discounting of gain (Holt, Green, Myerson, & Estle, 2008; Murphy, Vuchinich, & Simpson, 2001; Mitchell & Wilson, 2009) and specific to cigarette smoking (Baker, Johnson, & Bickel, 2003). These provide a useful starting point but it is important for this work now to be expanded to focus directly on alcohol and to consider using more ecologically valid stimuli that simulate more closely the types of aversive events in the real world using both hypothetical self-report and choice with real consequences.
