The finding that aggression co-occurs with nearly all other behavioural, emotional and social problems during childhood puts aggression in the centre of scientific attention. If and when causes of differences in aggression during childhood are better understood, this information may aid in the development of prevention and intervention strategies. To this end, we designed the EU-ACTION project (see Fig. 1). The main objective of ACTION is to improve the understanding of the causes of individual differences in aggression among children to better inform the development of prevention and treatment strategies.