The observed differences in age 48 outcomes as the function of middle childhood to early adulthood patterns of persistence in aggression are striking and emphasize the potential burden of a life-course tendency to behave more aggressively than one’s peers. Individuals who were consistently above average in aggression at ages 8, 19, and 30 exhibited a wide range of difficulties by age 48 including more arrests, more traffic violations, more marital problems, and more health concerns. These individuals also had the lowest levels of occupational prestige and educational attainment.
