More recent research using both aggregate and individual-level data similarly has concluded that increases in beer taxes and MLDAs, as well as strong laws related to drinking and driving, can reduce self-reported drinking and driving and involvement in nonfatal traffic crashes. For example, a comprehensive study using aggregate data for the period from 1982 through 1988 found consistent evidence that higher beer taxes significantly reduce motor vehicle crash fatalities in a variety of models that account for potential omitted variables biases (Ruhm 1996).6 These findings are notable because most of the models used included State-fixed effects. Another study based on self-reported data on drinking and driving obtained in the 1985 National Health Interview Survey estimated that a 10-percent increase in the price of alcoholic beverages would reduce the probability of drinking and driving by about 7.4 percent for men and 8.1 percent for women (Kenkel 1993). Even larger reductions of 12.6 percent among men and 21.1 percent among women would occur among people ages 21 years and younger. A study using self-reported data on involvement in traffic crashes obtained during
