According to GBD study estimates, 0·5% of the adult (15-64) population met CUD criteria in 2019 (95% CI: 0·2 to 0·9%), similar 2010 figures (0·6%, 95% CI: 0·2 to 0·9%). There was substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence of CUD, ranging from 0·1% in Turkey to 1·2% in the UK. As illustrated in Supplemental Material 1 (Supplemental Figure 5), CUD prevalence between 2010 and 2019 pointed downwards in most countries. However, given the large confidence intervals and the small differences in point estimates, the GBD data suggest no meaningful trends in CUD prevalence for any country.