a scale was taken as the final measure. The HBCS sum scores were regressed on age and sex, and residuals taken as the phenotype. The NFBC sample was of a uniform age, and the sum score was regressed only on sex, and residuals taken as the final measure. Although the YFS sample varied in age, age was not significantly related to the sum score for any scale, therefore the score was regressed only on sex, and residuals taken as the final measure. Data transformations were not employed for NFBC/YFS analyses, and for HBCS analysis a natural logarithmic (ln) transform was applied to the HA data.
