In summary, the present study re-analyzed a previously published dataset for pharmacogenetic effects beyond the mu opioid receptor gene on subjective responses to alcohol and craving. One kappa receptor tSNP (rs997917) and one delta tSNP (rs4654327) moderated alcohol-induced sedation and alcohol-induced stimulation and craving, respectively. These findings extend the literature by indicating that allelic variation at or near these sites may further explain the variability in the biobehavioral effects of naltrexone. Replication of these preliminary findings in larger samples is warranted, particularly with regard to ethnic groups that differ in terms of minor allele frequencies at these loci. Likewise, molecular studies identifying functional polymorphisms in these genes are needed to afford a more focused pharmacogenetic investigation.
