Figure 1 shows the percent of male and female drinkers who reported experiencing each negative consequence from drinking during the past 12 months. As is evident from this graph, a larger proportion of men than women endorsed all consequences (all gender differences were statistically significant at p < .001 for the overall sample); however, the magnitude of the gender difference varied by consequence. Gender differences tended to be lowest (odds ratio for males compared to females ≤ 2) for high endorsement consequences (headache or nausea, felt effects) and for guilt or remorse (from personal group) and harmful effects on household tasks or chores (from social). Larger gender differences were found for drinking to get over bad effects and morning drinking (from personal) and fighting after drinking (from social) (odds ratio > 3) and for harmful effects on work, finances and marriage/intimate relationships and for injury (odds ratios close to 3). Within each country, men scored significantly higher (p < .05) than did women on all scales (controlling for age) except Australia for the social consequences scale and Nigeria for all scales.
