It was not possible to drop the moderating effect on any parameter for either males or females during adolescence without a significant worsening in fit of the model. In both males and females, the genetic variance and non-shared environment variance are attenuated in participants with higher religiosity scores, whereas the shared environment variance increased (Figure 2). The total phenotypic variance of adolescent problem use was attenuated for higher levels of religiosity for both males and females.
