In order to (visually) amplify the difference among conditions, difference waveforms were created by subtracting the waveform of each condition from the mean waveform of all four conditions (Fig. 5). These waveforms showed that both male and female subjects had maximum separation among conditions at the time window of 200–400 ms wherein both ORN and ORP have their peaks. However, the separation of positive/gain outcomes from the negative/loss ones is more robust in females. After about 400 ms, the separation (that lasted until about 800 ms) is more obvious for the amount, especially in males, although this phenomenon has not been statistically validated here as the current study mainly analyzes the ORN and ORP components.
