Nineteen patients with PD (6 females, mean age: 60.9 ± 10.8 yr) and twenty age- and sex-matched healthy controls (8 females, mean age: 62.6 ± 7.9 yr) were recruited and included in the analysis of this study. Patients’ characteristics have been described in detail previously (10) and are also provided in Supplemental Table S1 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6535236). There was no significant age difference between patients and controls (P = 0.527). The experiment was carried out during a practically defined “off-medication” state (at least 12 h overnight withdrawal of Parkinsonian medication). Before starting the experiment, clinical scores indicating the motor impairment of each patient were estimated by a trained neurologist, using the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease rating scale part III (MDS-UPDRS III). All participants were right-handed, as confirmed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (28). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls according to the protocol approved by the local Ethics Committee at the Medical Faculty of Leipzig University (Reference No. 147/18-ek).
