problematic alcohol use (two-sided P = 6.43×10−57). Additionally, for each of the 579 EXT SNPs, we investigated the concordance in direction of SNP effects (i.e., the sign) on the seven phenotypes (Supplementary Information section 3.5.4). For 317 of the 579 EXT SNPs (54.7%), the concordance was perfect (i.e., the same direction of effect on all seven phenotypes), and for 203 (35.1%), 47 (8.1%), and 12 (2.1%) we observed either six, five, or four concordant effects, respectively. Thus, the analysis of sign concordance lends further support to our interpretation that the EXT loci primarily index a shared genetic liability to externalizing.
