As Cloninger (1987) predicted, scores on certain TPQ/TCI scales are associated with specific problem behaviours and psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, conduct disorder, alcohol and drug dependence, criminal behaviour and antisocial personality disorder (Ettelt, et al., 2008; Howard, Kivlahan, & Walker, 1997; Khan, Jacobson, Gardner, Prescott, & Kendler, 2005; Mulder, Joyce, Sullivan, Bulik, & Carter, 1999; Nery, et al., 2008; Nery, et al., 2009; Ongur, Farabaugh, Iosifescu, Perlis, & Fava, 2005). Thus, the temperament scales are potential endophenotypes for these behaviours and disorders. An endophenotype is a more basic, heritable, underlying quantitative trait, which more directly reflects the influence of the genome (Gottesman & Gould, 2003).
