We found 34 genes that were consistently identified by all four methods, while 741 overlapped across two or more methods (Supplementary Table 22; Extended Data Fig. 7). Several of the 34 implicated genes are novel discoveries for the psychiatric/behavioral literature and have previously been identified only in relation to non-psychiatric biomedical diseases. Such discoveries include ALMS1 (previously associated with kidney function and urinary metabolites30), and ERAP2 (blood protein levels and autoimmune disease31,32). Other genes among the 34 have previously been identified in GWAS of behavioral or psychiatric traits: Cell Adhesion Molecule 2 (CADM2, previously identified in GWAS related to self-regulation, including drug use and risk tolerance17,33), Zic Family Member 4 (ZIC4, associated with brain volume34), Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subunit Alpha 2 (GABRA2; the site of action for alcohol and benzodiazepines, extensively studied in relation to alcohol dependence35,36, and candidate gene for psychiatric disorders37,38), NEGR1 (neuronal growth regulator 1, associated with intelligence and educational attainment39,40), and Paired Basic Amino Acid Cleaving Enzyme (FURIN, associated with schizophrenia, risk tolerance, and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders19,41).
