Adverse consequences due to alcohol (and other substances) was a manifest variable at Wave 5 derived from responses to four questionnaire items that asked teens to indicate how often their use of “alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs” caused them to behave in ways that they later regretted and hurt relationships with their parents, friends, and teachers (α = .84). Response options ranged from (0) “never” to (3) “very often.” Although this item referred to multiple substances, alcohol is the most commonly used substance among the teens in this sample.
