Temperament was assessed at ages 9 to 11 using the California Child Q-sort (CCQ; Block & Block, 1980), which consists of 100 cards reflecting various characteristics and behaviors. Cards are sorted into nine categories ranging from “1 = least descriptive” to “9 = most descriptive” by a research interviewer who spent a full day of data collection with the participant. Resiliency and behavioral control subscales were derived from prior work (Eisenberg et al., 1996). The resiliency subscale (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) reflects adaptability to novel environmental contexts. It is based on 23-items such as: “open to new experiences” and “tends to go to pieces under stress” (reverse-coded). The behavioral control subscale (Cronbach’s α = 0.77) reflects the ability to control impulses and behaviors. It is based on 12-items such as: “is physically cautious” and “reacts and moves quickly” (reverse-coded). Composite scores represent averages across items.
