To test whether the above results for comparing the groups could be an artifact of the differing gender distributions in the groups, we re-compared the means in each group with the means of the life-course low aggressives using an analysis of covariance in which the effects of gender were partialed out. All of the differences between the life-course-persistent high-aggressive and life-course-persistent low-aggressive groups remained significant except for the differences in arrest rates and traffic violation rates. Thus, in general, gender differences cannot account for the poorer life outcomes experienced by life-course-persistent high aggressives.
