measure does not specify an attribution, it can capture unfair treatment on the basis of race as well as other characteristics, such as SES. Our analyses indicate, for example, that unfair treatment is associated with minority race/ethnicity, as well as homelessness (χ2=196.3, 2 df, p<.001), income (r=−.148, p<.001), and education (r=−.120, p<.001) (Mulia, et al., in press). Racial/ethnic stigma consciousness was derived using three items from Pinel’s (1999) stigma consciousness scale. Respondents reported the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the following statements: 1) “Stereotypes about my race or ethnic group have affected me personally,” 2) “My race or ethnic group influences how people act with me,” and 3) “Many people have a problem viewing my race or ethnic group as equal”. Responses ranged on a four-point scale, from “disagree very much” (coded as 0) to “agree very much” (coded as 3). Items were summed to yield a total score (0–9) which was categorized as low (0–3), medium (4–6), and high (7–9) levels of stigma consciousness.
