Using a prospective cohort design, Bahora et al. [58] found that an instructive and interactive crisis intervention skills training program for police significantly reduced officers' desire to maintain social distance from people with substance use disorders, including alcohol (g = 1.12, SE = 0.38, P < 0.01) and cocaine dependence (g = 1.90, SE = 0.45, P < 0.001). Hayes et al. [61] used a prospective cohort design and found that ACT produced significantly decreased stigmatizing attitudes among substance use counselors at 90-day follow-up (g = 0.95, SE = 0.42, P < 0.05), but not immediately post-intervention. As well, ACT significantly reduced negative thoughts that substance use counselors held about their clients immediately post-intervention (g = 0.85, SE = 0.41, P < 0.05) and at 90-day follow-up (g = 0.91, SE = 0.41, P < 0.05). Substance use counselors who participated in multi-cultural training had significantly decreased stigmatizing attitudes (g = 0.72, SE = 0.37, P = 0.05) and negative thoughts (g = 0.83, SE = 0.38, P < 0.05) immediately post-intervention; however, the effects were not sustained at 90-day follow-up.
