to a polarity-shift from a negative deflection during the N2 to a positive deflection at the P3, while delta contributes a unidirectional positivity throughout the ERP response. Moreover, in the current report, regression models indicated that theta and delta contributed uniquely in the opposite direction at N2, creating a non-significant no-go minus go difference (subtractive effects of the opposing polarities during no-go trials), but uniquely in the same direction at P3, leading to a rather robust no-go/go difference (additive effects of the joint positivity of theta and delta during no-go trials). This relationship of TF phase dynamics to ERP measures contributes substantially to the time-domain experimental effects, such that if both theta and delta are larger for the same stimuli (e.g., as in the current report) they combine to produce a muted N2 effect and inflated P3 effect, and conversely, if theta and delta are sensitive to the same stimuli in opposite directions or to different stimuli (e.g., delta-gain and theta-loss; Bernat et al., 2011). The co-activation of theta and delta and their separate relations to ERP components indicate that dividing ERPs into components based on peaks and troughs may artificially separate overlapping, but separable, processes (e.g., theta and delta)
