Children (ages 0–17 years) were included if they had 1 inpatient or at least 2 outpatient insurance claims for a bipolar spectrum disorder (on separate service dates) from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2007. Diagnostic and Statistics Manual for Mental Illness, Fourth Edition codes were mapped to the respective International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition (ICD-9) codes to identify claims for a bipolar spectrum disorder (ICD-9-CM: 296.0, 296.1, 296.4–296.8, or 301.13).(28–30)
