subscales of the WISDM can be accounted for by just two factors [19], with the principal factor comprising four subscales, Tolerance, Loss of Control, Automaticity, and Craving, that together form a “primary dependence” measure. These four subscales measure the extent to which smoking is heavy, occurs without awareness or intentionality, is perceived to be independent of cognitive control, and is associated with strong, frequent urges. These scales are especially highly related to relapse likelihood and tobacco self-administration [9, 20, 21]. Therefore, a pattern of heavy, relatively uninterrupted, and automatic smoking constitutes a core dependence feature[22, 23]. Finally, “chippers” those defined by their pattern of light, intermittent use of tobacco, and who do not appear to be dependent, demonstrate the opposite pattern: they tend to smoke more for instrumental purposes (e.g., for social stimulation), and their smoking and craving are both more contextually bound, rather than pervasive [24, 25].
