Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are part of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Activated PPARs translocate to the nucleus where they form a heterodimer with the nuclear hormone receptor, Retinoid × Receptor. This complex binds to PPAR response elements in the DNA to regulate transcription of many target genes. PPARs can also modify phosphorylation of proteins or inhibit activity of NF-κB and other transcription factors (Daynes and Jones, 2002). Their ability to trans-repress is thought to be the main mechanism for their anti-inflammatory actions.
