Activated NF-κB binds to specific DNA sequences in target genes, which are designated as κB elements, and regulates the transcription of over 500 genes involved in immunoregulation, growth regulation, inflammation, carcinogenesis, and apoptosis (Fig 2). NF-κB is frequently constitutively activated in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions such as cancer and pulmonary, cardiovascular, autoimmune, skin, and neurodegenerative diseases [26]. NF-κB’s ability to control multiple genes involved in human diseases makes the NF-κB signaling pathway a novel target for therapy [27, 28].
