More recently, iPS cell technology has been employed to model mood disorders, such as BD, an extremely prevalent neuropsychiatric illness. (Bavamian et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015; Madison et al., 2015; Mertens, Wang, et al., 2015; Stern et al., 2017). Approximately > 1% of the worldwide population suffers from BD (Angst, 1998; Hirschfeld, 2003; Merikangas et al., 2007) and ~ 15% of the affected individuals commit suicide when no appropriate treatment is administered (Sharma & Markar, 1994). These shocking statistics led BD to become the top disease of morbidity and a major contributor to a decline in employee productivity, as ranked by the World Health Organization (Dusetzina et al., 2012). Although there is a plethora of evidence indicating BD is high penetrable, the pathophysiology of BD still remains elusive (Manji & Lenox, 2000). The heritable nature of BD cannot be traced to a single gene, and it has proven to be a daunting task to develop new effective therapeutics.
