and retain the most genetic diversity, as Africans are understudied but disproportionately informative for genetic analyses and evolutionary history27,73. The most notable investment here comes from the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Initiative, increasing genomics research capacity in Africa through more than $216 million in funding from the NIH (USA) and Wellcome Trust (UK) for genetics research led by African investigators55,74. The increasing interest and scale of genetic studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) raises ethical and logistical considerations about data generation, access, sharing, security, and analysis, as well as clinical implementation to ensure these advances do not only benefit high-income countries. Frameworks such as the H3ABioNet, a pan-African bioinformatics network designed to build capacity to enable H3Africa researchers to analyze their data in Africa, provide cost-effective examples for training local scientists in LMICs75.
