All psychiatric diagnoses, except for psychotic disorder, were made according to DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) through the NIAAA Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV), a reliable and valid diagnostic interview designed to be used by nonprofessional interviewers (Grant et al., 2001). Axis I diagnoses investigated in the survey comprised three main groups: (1) substance use disorders (including alcohol abuse and dependence, drug abuse and dependence, and nicotine dependence); (2) mood disorders (including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder); and (3) anxiety disorders (including panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder). History of ADHD and conduct disorder and personality disorders were assessed on a lifetime basis. The test–retest reliability of AUDADIS-IV has been reported elsewhere and range from good to excellent (Grant et al., 2003; Stinson et al., 2008).
